Suppose Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity holds. In that case, a black hole, born from the cosmically quaking collisions of two massive black holes, should itself “ring” in the aftermath, producing gravitational waves much like a struck bell reverberating sound waves. Einstein predicted that these gravitational waves’ particular pitch and decay should be a direct signature of the newly formed black hole’s mass and spin.
Now, physicists from MIT and elsewhere have studied the ringing of an infant black hole and found that the pattern of this ringing does, in fact, predict its mass and spin — more evidence that Einstein was right all along.
The findings, published in Physical Review Letters, also favor the idea that black holes lack any “hair” — a metaphor referring to the notion that these phenomena, according to Einstein’s theory, should exhibit three observable properties: mass, spin, and electric charge. All other characteristics, which the physicist John Wheeler termed “hair,” should be swallowed up by the black hole itself, and would, therefore, be unobservable.
The team’s findings today support the idea that black holes are, in fact, hairless. The researchers could identify the pattern of their ringing and, using Einstein’s equations, calculate the mass and spin it should have, given its ringing pattern. These calculations matched measurements of the black hole’s mass and spin made previously by others.
If the team’s calculations deviated significantly from the measurements, it would have suggested that the black hole’s ringing encodes properties other than mass, spin, and electric charge — tantalizing evidence of physics beyond what Einstein’s theory can explain.
But as it turns out, the ringing pattern is a direct signature of its mass and spin, supporting the notion that they are bald-faced giants, lacking any extraneous, hair-like properties. The study’s lead author, Maximiliano Isi, a NASA Einstein Fellow in MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, said:
“We all expect general relativity to be correct, but this is the first time we have confirmed it in this way.
“This is the first experimental measurement that succeeds in directly testing the no-hair theorem. It doesn’t mean black holes couldn’t have hair. It means the picture of black holes with no hair lives for one more day.”
A black hole’s chirp, decoded
On Sept. 14, 2015, scientists detected gravitational waves — tiny ripples in space-time emanating from distant, violent cosmic phenomena. The detection, named GW150914, was made by LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory.
Once scientists cleared away the noise and zoomed in on the signal, they observed a waveform that quickly crescendoed before fading away. When they translated the signal into sound, they heard something resembling a “chirp.”
Scientists determined that the gravitational waves were set off by the rapid inspiraling of two massive black holes. The peak of the signal — the loudest part of the chirp — linked to the moment they collided, merging into a single, new black hole.
While this infant black hole gave off gravitational waves of its own, its signature ringing, physicists assumed, would be too faint to decipher amid the clamor of the initial collision. Thus, traces of this ringing were only identified sometime after the peak, where the signal was too faint to study in detail.
Above is a simulation showing how a black hole merger would appear to our eyes if we could somehow travel in a spaceship for a closer look. It was created by solving equations from Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity using LIGO data from the event called GW150914. (Image: via SXS, the Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes (SXS) project)
Isi and his colleagues, however, found a way to extract the black hole’s reverberation from the moments immediately after the signal’s peak. In previous work led by Isi’s co-author, Matthew Giesler of Caltech, the team showed through simulations that such a signal, particularly the portion right after the peak, contains “overtones” — a family of loud, short-lived tones.
When they reanalyzed the signal, taking overtones into account, the researchers discovered that they could successfully isolate a ringing pattern that was specific to a newly formed black hole. In the team’s new paper, the researchers applied this technique to actual data from the GW150914 detection, concentrating on the last few milliseconds of the signal, immediately following the chirp’s peak.
Considering the signal’s overtones, they could discern a ringing coming from the new, infant black hole. Specifically, they identified two distinct tones, each with a pitch and decay rate that they could measure. Isi said:
“We detect an overall gravitational wave signal comprising multiple frequencies, which fade away at different rates, like the different pitches that make up a sound.
“Each frequency or tone corresponds to a vibrational frequency of the new black hole.”
Listening beyond Einstein
Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that the pitch and decay of a black hole’s gravitational waves should be a direct product of its mass and spin. A black hole of a given mass and spin can only produce tones of a particular pitch and decay.
As a test of Einstein’s theory, the team used the equations of general relativity to calculate the newly formed black hole’s mass and spin, given the pitch and decay of the two tones they detected. They found their calculations matched with measurements of its mass and spin previously made by others.
Isi says the results demonstrate that researchers can, in fact, use the very loudest, most detectable parts of a gravitational wave signal to discern a new black hole’s ringing, whereas before, scientists assumed that this ringing could only be detected within the much fainter end of the gravitational wave signal, and identifying many tones would require much more sensitive instruments than what currently exist.
“This is exciting for the community because it shows these kinds of studies are possible now, not in 20 years.”
As LIGO improves its resolution, and more sensitive instruments come online in the future, researchers will be able to use the group’s methods to “hear” the ringing of other newly born black holes. And if they pick up tones that don’t match Einstein’s predictions, that could be an even more exciting prospect. Isi added:
“In the future, we’ll have better detectors on Earth and in space, and will be able to see not just two, but tens of modes, and pin down their properties precisely.
“If these are not black holes as Einstein predicts, if they are more exotic objects like wormholes or boson stars, they may not ring in the same way, and we’ll have a chance of seeing them.”
Provided by: Jennifer Chu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
