Northern Lights Networking Reveals True Scale of Magnetic Storms

Magnetic disturbance on Earth.
New technique to monitor evolution of magnetic disturbances from the Aurora Borealis. (Image: NASA via Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab)

Magnetic disturbances caused by phenomena like the northern lights can be tracked by a “social network” of ground-based instruments, according to a new study from the University of Warwick. The researchers, led by Professor Sandra Chapman, have for the first time characterized the observations from over 100 ground-based magnetometers in terms of a time-varying directed network of connections.

They monitored the development of geomagnetic substorms using the same mathematics used to study social networks. The magnetometers “befriend” one another when they see the same signal of a propagating disturbance.

The research, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, opens up the opportunity to develop more accurate models of substorms and helps us to understand the impact of space weather on our electrical and communication systems.

The northern lights

The northern lights, or Aurora Borealis, occur when charged particles from our Sun bombard the Earth’s magnetic field. This stores up energy like a battery, which it then releases, creating large-scale electrical currents in the ionosphere that generate disturbances of magnetic fields on the ground.

Small versions of these substorms are common, but occasionally, larger storms will occur that can have a larger impact. Using over 100 magnetometers that form the SuperMAG Initiative led by Dr. Jesper Gjerloev, the researchers used the mathematical concepts from network science to monitor the development of substorms in the arctic auroral region.

As a substorm develops and the electrical current in the ionosphere grows, individual magnetometers will register a change in the magnetic field. Pairs of magnetometers became linked when their measurements correlated with each other, expanding their network of “friends” and allowing the researchers to monitor how the auroral disturbance from the substorm forms and propagates, and how quickly.

Substorms from the northern lights create an electrical current in the atmosphere that is echoed at ground level. Localized changes in the Earth’s magnetic field can disrupt power lines, electronic and communications systems, and technologies such as GPS.

They are just one form of space weather that affects our planet constantly.

Professor Sandra Chapman, from the University of Warwick Department of Physics, said:

Provided by: University of Warwick [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]

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